Essential Amino Acids: Essential amino acids are a group of nine amino acids that the human body cannot produce on its own, so they must be obtained from the diet. These amino acids are essential for various physiological functions, including protein synthesis, metabolic processes, and tissue repair and growth. They include histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, … Read more
Understanding Amino Acids: “Amino acids are organic compounds consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable side chain (R group), which determines the specific properties and function of each amino acid. These molecules serve as the fundamental building blocks of … Read more
Introduction to Proteins: Proteins are macromolecules essential for life, playing diverse roles in biological systems. Composed of amino acids linked together, they serve as the building blocks for various structures and perform numerous functions within cells. From catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes to providing structural support, proteins are integral to virtually every aspect of cellular … Read more
What is Algae? Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that typically inhabit aquatic environments, although they can also be found in terrestrial habitats. They range from single-celled to multicellular forms and exhibit a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Algae play crucial roles in ecosystems as primary producers, contributing significantly to oxygen … Read more
What is Water Cycle ? The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous process by which water is circulated throughout the Earth and its atmosphere. It involves various stages such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff, ultimately maintaining the balance of water on Earth. I. Introduction – Definition of the water … Read more
What is Nitrogen Cycle? The nitrogen cycle is a fundamental process that governs the movement and transformation of nitrogen in various forms throughout the biosphere. Nitrogen, a vital element for all living organisms, plays a crucial role in the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, and other essential biomolecules. This cycle encompasses a series of interconnected … Read more
What is Cell ? Cells are the fundamental units of life, serving as the building blocks of all living organisms. They are the smallest entities that can carry out all the activities necessary for life. The study of cells is essential in biology as it provides insights into the structure, function, and organization of living … Read more
What are Viruses ? Viruses are tiny infectious agents that replicate inside living cells of organisms and can cause a variety of diseases. Introduction to Viruses – Definition and basic characteristics – Historical background and discovery – Comparison with other microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi) Structure of Viruses – Viral components – Nucleic acid (DNA or … Read more
## Outline: Zika Virus ### 1. Overview – Definition of Zika Virus – Background and Origin – Geographic Distribution ### 2. Transmission – Primary vectors (mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) – Additional transmission routes (mother-to-child, sexual contact, blood transfusion) ### 3. Symptoms and Clinical Presentation – Common symptoms (fever, rash, joint pain, conjunctivitis) … Read more
What is taxonomy? – **I. Introduction to Taxonomy** Taxonomy is a comprehensive field of biology that focuses on the classification, identification, nomenclature, and description of organisms. Its importance lies in its ability to organize the vast diversity of life into a coherent system, enabling scientists to communicate and study living organisms efficiently. – Definition – … Read more